Coua Xiong

In Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973 to 2006 by Mamadi Corra, et al, writes about how significant race and gender interrelate with martial happiness.  The article method is through data collection from 1973-2006 General Social Survey where it was conducted into four subgroups of white husband, white wife, black husband, and black wife and how they compare to each other in martial happiness.  It was mention that race and gender are both independent to martial happiness, but will find the interrelation between the two on how it influences marital happiness.  Marital happiness is the measurement of happiness in a relationship between husband and wife where it could be interchangeable with martial satisfaction to some researcher.  It was found that white husband rated the most highest with martial happiness while black wives rated the lowest in marital happiness but when it comes to interracial marriage, black wives rated higher in marital happiness.

Social integration where different races interact and attends is a starting point where the prospect of interracial engagement begins as Rosalind Berkowitz, et al, states it in A PATH TOWARD INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE: Women's First Partners and Husbands across Racial Lines.  The sample data used was 10,847 women from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth where their ages ranged from fifteen to forty.  The article speaks about how interracial marriages and what lead up to it.

When it came down to gender, women in general rated lower in martial happiness.   In the 1970's, when women began to join the work force and contribute financially in their marital relationship, the dynamic of the family role began to shift.  When the shift began, studies had shown that women rated less happiness in their marital status because wives were expect to continue their house chores while working and the husband were not picking up half of the load of doing house chores but with the younger cohort, it is slowly shifting. 

In perspective of black families starting from the 1970's, there has been a high rate of unemployment and underemployment for black husband while black wives employment rates had been increasing.  Unlike a white family, both black husband and black wife had already been contributing to the labor force and the black husband was already helping with the house chores.  With black husbands bar by racism and prevented from obtaining high-paying job, it decreased their chances of being the provider in the home and had been link to a decline in marriages in more current times.  

Jessica Alva

Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973 to 2006

The methods that is used was a social survey which was random from ages 18 years and older who only spoke English. So it was able to find results of different races as well as gender on a martial happiness over time. Something that I read in the article was surprising to me, that through time women had entered the workforce this was a big number of women entering the workforce which I wouldn't have expected that since of what I have herd women usually are the ones that stay home and take care of their children. I guess those were the old days. So this article is about the marriage and if the couple are actually happy in the marriage. So based on white middle class it was observed that married women were more likely to report frustration, dissatisfaction, and negative feelings toward their marriages and exhibit poorer mental and emotional health than married men or single women. So it was compared with single men, married men exhibited better mental and physical health, progressed further in their careers, and generally lived longer, happier lives. Well by the results of that women tend to be un happy in a marriage no matter what occurs through the marriage. It actually didn't surprise me that black marriage couples especially the males their unemployment rate is a lot higher than the whites'. Which is why black males usually have more time to do house work. As the results it looks like white males are the only ones who are more likely to be happy during their marriage then black male and females. I actually would have thought that females would be the ones who would have a higher percentage of happiness towards their marriage.

 

Wealth and the Marital Divide                                               

So this article will be discussing why there is a decline in marriage by their races and education, but the most important part which will be wealth.  Of course people when they get married will be thinking about their finances as a married couple, wouldn't we all expect that since there are to in a house hold there would be more income coming in but is that really true. The methods used in this article was data that came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth which helped them test their hypothesis which was that wealth is associated with marriage which will explain the division between marriages due to racial and education. The results were for less educated women and black males have a a poorly marriage rather than whites who have their own vehicle will have a higher probability of a first marriage in any given year, which means wealth does pay an important part in marriage. If you are able to finically support yourself before being married than you tend to me marriage only in one marriage. Something that I was surprise about was that men say that wealth pays an important part as a perquisite for marriage which I would have never thought that men would be the ones to say this, usually women are the ones looking for a male who is financially stable and care about their wealth as a future.

  Word count 432

Sergio Cortez

                                                                                                                                                                                                     Sergio Cortez, 537 words
First Article: "Factors associated with two types of child custody loss among a sample of African American mothers: A novel approach" & Second Article: "Exploring the Effects of Spousal Race on the Self-rated Health of Intermarried Adults"
     In the first article data is being collected by the Black Women in the Study of Epidemics in order to view how drug usage and criminality can be related to health disparities that have to do with African American women. Over 643 African American women were chosen to help collect the data. Of those 643 there was 240 currently in prison, 97 on probation, and 206 were actually involved in the criminal justice system. From the 643 that had originally been rounded up only 339 actually ended up being used to collect data due to the fact that they had at least one biological child. Some of the questions they were asked consisted of them describing their marital status, income, child custody, and also if they had used any illegal substances. When it came down to the results there was many variations in the answers they received. For starters when they looked at descriptive statistics in the first table they were able to notice that the medium income for African American women was as low as $9,900 which was quite a shock because these are women with young children. They were also able to notice that 48.6% of them had used marijuana in the past year, and there was a 32.2% of them saying that they had used crack or cocaine in that same amount of time. When they looked at the chi square analysis they noticed that 12.2% of women were in the no loss group, 30.4% in the lost informal custody, and 51% had lost official custody. This tell was able to further explain that women who had lost official custody had far less education, lower rates of employment, and also less annual income.
     Looking at the second article we notice that data is being pulled from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series data file. Originally this data had been collected from the year 1962 to 2013, but only the year 2000 through 2013 was used due to race being used in these years. This helps determine spousal health disparities, and for the number of respondents being looked at we see that there is over 500,000. Out of those 500,000 we see that 399,755 are non-Hispanic whites, 38,072 are non-Hispanic blacks, 69,798 are Hispanics, and 21,151 are Asians. When it came down to describing the type of marriage individuals were in there was over 93% in a same race marriage while there was only a 7% for intermarriage. Based on these statistics there was more information that went along with it. For example, those in an intermarriage were much younger, rated their health higher, and also had higher incomes than those who have a same race marriage. If we look at race we notice that 76% of the whole sample being looked at is white, 13% Hispanic, 7% are black, and 4% are Asian. On top of all that we also notice that those who are interracially married vary with percentages. In the study they were able to notice that these kinds of interracially married individuals consist of whites having 52%, followed by Hispanics with 32%, blacks with 9%, and Asians with only 7%.

Heather Lewis

Heather Lewis

SOC-111

600 words

April 29, 2017

Marriage and Family Quiz

            In the article called "Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973 to 2006" by Mamadi Corra, Shannon K. Carter, J. Scott Carter, and David Knox is about the trends that were significant in how happy married couples were from the General Social Survey with different race groups that they used during the time the information was gathered that was mentioned in the title of the article. One of the significant findings that were found was that whites and husbands were happier than the blacks and wives which followed throughout the years that the trend was studied. The researchers compared four groups that were the white husbands, white wives, black husbands and black wives. Another significant finding that was found was that black wives were the least happy in their marriages out of the groups, but through the years there has been an increase in how much happier black wives have been. There was also a finding that race and how happy the marriages were connected in which blacks were less happy than whites in marriages. The dependent variables are that the researchers put the years into four categories that flow from the past to the future along with the sampling that was gathered was that the researchers made sure that the individuals made sure that they were not married to the other people in the data. The researchers compared how happy single people were to married people. The independent variables that were mentioned were that they measured social location, what each individual do for their work, if they were divorced or not, age, income, employment status, education and religion. There was a finding that race and gender were independent of each other. The researchers said there needs to be further research in order to assess the changes that are going to happen do to different social changes. Overall the researchers found that all four groups there was a decrease in marriages.

            In this article called "A Path toward Interracial Marriage: Women's First Partners and Husbands across Racial Lines" by Rosalind Berkowitz King and Jenifer L. Bratter is about the interracial marriage and how these partners get picked based on several factors. One of the significant factors that the researchers found was that each partner chose each other based on where they were born and their parents' education. All of the information that used came from the National Survey of Family Growth from 1995. Based on the evidence the author suggests that marrying across race lines is something from American thinking. One of the methods that were used was that the research only included females and not males because of several factors such as not being able to give information from their previous partners on sex. The researchers used demographics and background variables on how they picked their people to participate in the survey. The survey used race organization with five groups that were white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan and alongside Hispanic categories. The background information that was used was what the participants were connected to in religion and whether or not they were born in America. The variables that were used were age, and geography on where they were born which were four categories which were: Northeast, Midwest, South and West. The dependent variables were similar to the race of the person who took the survey and their first sex partner. One of the things that the researchers noticed that for further researching on the topic there has to be information on how much interracial interaction is taken when the people who took the survey were children as well as when they are adults. The researchers also discussed that there needs to be more information on race and ethnic combinations in the interracial partners. The researchers would also like to put more on casual dating, neighbors and friends for future researches. 

Genna Fogelberg

Genna Fogelberg

 

Family Quiz

 

Word count 475

 

The article discussed in this analysis is titled Trends in martial Happiness by Gender and Race 1973 to 2006. This article discusses the methods and findings from a survey on the questions of "How would you describe your marriage?". The data collected is from the General Social Survey that was conducted from 1973 to 2006 and is given to a random selection of English speakers that live in institutional settings. The options for responding to the question are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy. The Independent variables include marital status (divorced or never divorced), if the respondent lives with minors, employment, age, education level, and religion. The results show a significant relationship between race and marital happiness. 24,455 respondents who are currently married were surveyed which included 11,606 men (41.4% white males, 4.2% black males), and 12,849 women (46% white women and 4.6% black women). White males report more marital happiness than Black males in model 1. Models 2 through 5 show that Black married men show more marital happiness than Black women. These models also show that employment, and living with minors leads to less happiness in marriage. Table 1 shows that Black women report the least amount of marital happiness than white males, black males, and white women.

The article discussed in the second analysis is titled Me A Path Toward Interracial Marriage: Women's First Partners and Husbands across Racial Lines. The data in this article was collected from the National Survey of Family growth in 1995. Originally, 10,847 women from age 15 to 44 were surveyed but only 9,216 responses were used for analysis due to a respondent never having had intercourse, having unwanted intercourse, or were of an ethnicity that had less than 100 respondents. Dummy variables included: Immigration status, childhood influences, parents education levels, being of a mixed race, and geography. The Dependent variables include the comparison of the race of the respondent and the race of the first person she had intercourse with, and the relationship of the respondent and the first person she marries. The study models the race of the respondents first sex partner and compares it to the race of the respondent. It is also recorded whether or not the respondent first marries someone of the same race or a different race as her own. The results show that respondents who married someone of a different race had a significantly higher record of their first sex partner being of a different race compared to respondents who married within their race had a higher chance of their first sex partner being of the same race as well. Additionally, respondents who married someone of a different race showed a lower percentage of marrying their first sex partner compared to respondents who married in the same race showed a higher percentage of marrying their first sex partner.

Soc 111 3:30 MW

Words 600

In the article titled "Recent Changes in the Trends of Teen Birth Rates", Phyllis Wingo, Ruben Smith, Heather Tevendale, and Cynthia Ferre explore trends of birth rates. More specifically, they studied the trends of teen parents and certain demographics. The methods they used included using data from birth certificates along with something called a joinpoint regression – a type of analysis that explains certain trends that are changing over sequential timespans. It takes this data and uses an annual percentage change (APC) to dictate the percentage of change, per segment. In order to obtain results that are more specific the age groups were broken up further (10-14, 15-17, and 18-19 years), at the time of pregnancy. The data was also broken up by race and whether they had Hispanic origin. The study spanned from 1981 to 2006, allowing for a broader data set. The data obtained for this study was obtained from the National Vital Statisics System at the Centers for Disease and Control Prevention (CDC). Race was one of the main demographics, including: Asian and Pacifiic Islander, Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic black. They also included education, parity, and education level. The data was obtained from all state but there was one difference between education and the statistics obtained. Because the U.S. Certificate of live birth was revised two times during the study, the education portion included data for 51% of the births. The results are as follows: for those younger than 18 birth rates decline from 1994-2003 and 18-19 they decline from 1991-2004. During the most recent time span, trends were level with the exception to the declines of 18-19 whites and Asian/Pacific Islander teens and the increasing trends in 18-19 Hispanic teens. In conclusion, the study found that rates were increased among older Hispanics and teen birth rates began to level between 2003-2006 after an extensive decline. In general, the researchers found that we need to find a renewed and effective teen pregnancy prevention programs per certain demographics and specific populations. The main thing that was missing in this article were a larger choice of independent variables – it only includes age, race, and education.

In the article titled "Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973 to 2006", Mamadi Corra, Shannon Carter, J. Scott Carter, David Knox studied the impact race and gender have on a marriage and overall happiness. The data used in this article was obtained via the General Social Survey (GGS) – which is a national sample of English-speaking adults. The National Opinion Research Center performed this survey annually from 1972-1994 and every two years following that. The dependent variable was asking how each person would describe his or her marriage. For each answer a number was assigned and per each answer, the higher the score the happier the marriage. The answers included very happy, pretty happy, or not so happy. For the couple who refused to answer or did not know their answer were not included in the survey. The independent variable included white husband/wife, black husband/wife, work status, divorced, child in home, age, family income, education of respondent and spouse, religion. The survey found that white husbands were the most happy but there has been a decline. Black wives reported the lowest level of satisfaction. The survey had multiple limitations including there is only being one measure of marital happiness, two races being included, how long a couple had been married, homosexual marriages, and how many times a respondent had been divorced. The data shows that there is a statistical significance between race and gender along with work status and income.

Wingo, Phyllis, Ruben Smith, Heather Tevendale, and Cynthia Ferré. "Recent Changes in the Trends of Teen Birth Rates, 1981–2006." Journal of Adolescent Health, 48.3 (2011): 281-288

Corra, Mamadi, Shannon Carter, J. Scott Carter, and David Knox. "Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973 to 2006." Journal of Family Issues, 30.10 (2009): 1379-1404.

Rocio Chavez

Rocio Chavez, 583 Words

Soc. 111

30 April 2017

                                                   Family Quiz

"Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race 1973-2006" By Mamadi Corra and Others

                In the article, it was found that Black wives and Black husbands are much more likely to have a lower level of marital happiness than White husbands and wives. The biggest contributor for this seemed to be a lack of economic opportunity for Black males. On the same note, the employment for Black women during the given years increased allowing more Black wives to contribute to their homes financially, but at the same time lessening the Black husband's sense of masculinity. Resulting in lower marital happiness levels. White working wives reported feeling less support in the home than Black wives. It seems that Black marriages have always shared household chores resulting in more equality for the women but hurting the male's sense of power. As for White husbands and wives, marital happiness was quite stable having higher a level of happiness. This was found to be the result of higher income and higher levels of education. A big contributor to lower marital happiness among White marriages was unequal household duties. White working wives reported feeling less support in the home than Black wives.

This article was based on previous researched conducted using the General Social Survey and The National Opinion Research Center observing trends from 1973 to 2006. One issue that I found with the overall article was that it only focused on Black and White respondents. It was an easier way to compare between two races but the research would have been more interesting if it involved other races as well.  Another factor that could have enhanced the credibility of the study would have been if the respondents were married to each other because they were not. Also, the respondent's answers were only observed if the answered if their marital happiness was "very happy," "pretty happy," or "not too happy".

 

"Recent Changes in the Trends of Teen Birth Rates, 1981-2006" By  Phyllis A. Wingo Ph. D and Others

An emphasis was put on Hispanic teen females from 1981-2006 throughout the study. After observing the collected data, it was determined that the year with the highest teenage pregnancy rates overall races was 1990. The races that were included were White, Black, American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Hispanic origin.  Every other race group was compared to Hispanic teen rates and Hispanic teens had the highest statistical increase three times throughout the study. This peak was in the 18 and 19-year-old Hispanic females between the time frame of 1998-2006.  Another change that was found in the study was that the teen females continued to have children but the age of when it occurred increased by a couple of years and there were more first-time mothers rather than reoccurring births. In the end of the study, it was discovered that teen pregnancy rates for all observed races including those of Hispanic origin decreased substantially.

                The information used for this study was gathered from all teenage mother birth certificates from 1981-2006 using the National Vital Statistics System at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Once this information was collected, it was also broken into three age groups of the mothers ranging from 10-20 years old. In addition, all females were residents of the U.S. The information held birth rates from all over the country by age, race, and by Hispanic origin.  A statistical method used for the study was measuring live births over 1,000 females from the specific race groups.