family quiz

Vanessa Rodriguez Words 391

            In the article, Trends in Martial happiness by gender and race, 1973 to 2006 by Corra et al, is a study in where they take a look where certain races being to be happy. This study was restricted to only two races, which were whites and blacks. Looking into white husbands and white wives, and as will black husband and wives.  The study showed that throughout the years it showed that black's happiness in marriage has increased over time while white husband had had a decrease in their happiness.  The data for this survey came from the General social survey in the years 1973 to 2006.  The participants were randomly picked for this survey.  In their finding, they were able to find that couples who have children who are 18 under are less likely to be happy than those who did not have children living with them. As well for the black wife, it showed that their happiness in marriages has increased. Since now there are more diverse marriages black women are more likely to get married to a white man. This concludes that it was very hard for them to measure the levels of happiness since their study was restricted. They only focus on two races groups and social positions they stand in our society. They will continue to do the study and they will be comparing it to other race groups.

    In the article, Explaining Race and Ethnic Variation in Marriage: Directions for Future Research by Raley. In this study, they do a research on racial and ethnic differentials in marriage and how that can create inequality.  They had different factors in how they were able to check each group. They did illustrate depending what job and income a certain race had, could play a factor in a happy marriage. Blacks had a higher disadvantage in having a good income or even having a happy marriage. There is a lot of discrimination in the workforce.  It also resulted in them having the highest divorce rate than any other race.  They also showed as long as a relationship has a stable finance it helps, by having a happy marriage.  This concludes that for a relationship to be stable and have a great benefit they must have a good economic status, they must be emotional and physical committed to their partner.

Silvia Nieto

In the article Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, the authors talk about the amount of divorces and a decline in marriage rates. They mention how marital happiness varies in quality depending on the gender and race of individuals. They look into the impact of both gender and race on how marital happiness is and changes overtime. In order to asses this, they used data from a 1973-2006 General Social Survey where they were able to get a random drawn nationally representative sample of adults that spoke English. These individuals were all at the age of 18 and older and lived in non institutional places within the United States. They were asked questions such as how would they describe their marriage and given the following choices; very happy, pretty happy, or not to happy. In their findings, they were able to see that Whites as well as husbands disclose that they have a higher marital happiness as compared to wives and Blacks. Within Black and White husbands and wives, we were able to see that Black wives detailed the lowest level of marital happiness as where White husbands had the highest. Even though we see that White husbands have the highest marital happiness, all throughout the years of 1970 to 2000, there has been a slight decline amongst all four groups. What was most remarkable from the changes throughout the years were that Black wives had a significant rise in marital happiness as compared to the other groups. As for white wives, marital happiness has not improved during the time period studied.

In the article Whom Do Immigrants Marry? Emerging Patterns of Intermarriage and Integration in the United States, the authors study intermarriages amongst immigrants in the United States. They are trying to find out if immigrants marry natives and if this is the case, they further their investigation and try to discover if they marry white natives, coethnic natives or other natives. In order to get their results, they use data from an American Community Survey (ACS) from the years 2008 through 2012 which helps them take demographic stock of patterns of contemporary intermarriages. They take down the marriages among foreign born individuals and native population over the period of 2008 and 2012. They also study the variation the intermarriage with foreigners and natives between panethnic groupings. They ask people both natives and foreign born if they marry each other rather than whites or the minority population. Another thing they do is evaluate if differences in foreign born intermarriage population is based on ethnicity, race, national origin, preference, etc. When coming down with the results, it was indicated that about 1 in 6 marriages that had formed in the year previous included an immigrant. It was also seen that more than half of the marriages involved a partner that was native. Implications are that assimilations in marriages are important but are changing part of the social integration and incorporation. White immigrants are most likely to marry natives, especially whites compared to black immigrants. Black immigrants are less likely than other immigrant groups to step into ethnic and racial lines or marry black natives. Also, intermarriage was highly linked to social integration such as education, the amount of time in the country, etc.

Corra, M., Carter, S. K., Carter, J. S., & Knox, D. (2009). Trends in marital happiness by gender and race, 1973 to 2006. Journal of Family Issues,30(10), 1379-1404.

Lichter, D., Qian, Z., & Tumin, D. (2015). Whom Do Immigrants Marry? Emerging Patterns of Intermarriage and Integration in the United States. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 662, 57.

Adriana Chavez

Adriana Chavez

Word Count:568

Family Quiz

 

The article, Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973-2006 researchers are hoping to compare the trends of marital happiness that have been seen among both White genders and both Black genders from 1973 to 2006. To measure this, data form the GSS that was conducted by the National Opinion Research Center which contains a sample of randomized individuals over the legal age who speak English. This resulted in 24,455 married individuals who were predominately white spouses describing their marriage. They studied variables like marital happiness of those in the U.S on an ordinal scale with unhappiness defined with the choice of not to happy and happiness at its peak with, very happy. All this while taking into account the gender and race that chose the option. The independent variables considered were work status, marital status, work-employment status of both genders, age, education, income, and religiosity, as well as the presence of children in their lives to see if this had any effect on how happy black and white spouses were. After all variables were accounted for, the study measured the data with two different analysis scales; multivariate and trend. The multivariate analysis found that White spouses are the happiest with White husbands being the happiest, Black husbands being happy but not happier than white wives and Black wives being the most unhappy. This may be due to the fact that the analysis found that those with a not so affluent work status and younger children are low on the happiness scale while those who have highly educated spouses, higher income and those who attended religious ceremonies more often were happier. The trend analysis found that throughout the years, white husbands and white wives have been consistent in their happiness with only a slight decrease in happiness for White wives. On the other hand, Black husbands have been significantly happier than black wives throughout the years but the gap is closing between them because there has been a slight increase in the happiness of Black wives.

 

The article, Recent Changes in the Trends of Teen Birth Rates, 1981-2006 researchers want to know which new demographics of teen birth rates trends have occurred. The reason they want to study this is because the U.S is the country that has the highest rate of teen pregnancy amongst developed countries. Which is part due to lack of sexual education and other factors that researchers want to be aware of to reduce teen pregnancy even further. The method to measure if teen pregnancy is consistent, has increased or decreased; birth certificates that were under the public domain of the National Vital Statistics System at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were reviewed. On top of this the study considered teen pregnancy among races; whites, blacks Asians/Pacific Islanders, Natives, and people of Hispanic origin since it's not considered a race. The study considered live births by 1,000 females which was then converted into annual percentage changes to account for the timeframes that the females gave birth in. The findings showed that there has been an increase in teen pregnancy among all females of Hispanic origins under 18 to 18-19 increased but the education level of all females increased to the completion of 12^th grade. On the opposite side, teen pregnancies for Asian/Pacific Islander teens has decreased. Also, the percentages of teen females decreased from 1981 to 2006. Overall, teen pregnancy has been decreasing and teen pregnancies has shifted toward older teens whereas before younger teens were giving birth more.

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Corra, M., Carter, S. K., Carter, J. S., & Knox, D. (2009). Trends in marital happiness by gender and race, 1973 to 2006. Journal of Family Issues,30(10), 1379-1404.

 

Wingo, Smith, Tevendale, & Ferré. (2011). Recent Changes in the Trends of Teen Birth Rates, 1981–2006. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(3), 281-288.

Karina Cardona Word Count: 595

Explaining Race and Ethnic Variation in Marriage: Directions for Future Research

Raley, R Kelly; Sweeney, Megan M. Race and Social Problems; New York Vol. 1, Iss. 3,  (Sep 2009): 132-142.

There are other factors that help represent marriage like commitment, sexual fidelity, and trust. A relationship should not be based off economically. Blacks tend to marry at a younger age compared to whites. Surprisingly, white births happen more often in marriage than that of blacks. Mexicans marry earlier than whites, and less likely to disrupt. Yet blacks are more likely to divorce than whites. The first explanation to why there are differences in marriage between Blacks and whites is the lack of available men to marry. The number of incarceration and unemployment make male partners unavailable. The second explanation is if a cultural or attitude problem shapes the behaviors between families. Black families are different focusing on family relationships and less on marriage.  Economic is one feature of the expectations in marriage. Being economically stable and cooperative between partners, as well as home productions and caring for the children. The second feature is interpersonal nature. Commitment and trust between partner is necessary to make a marriage stronger. The third is social nature. The relationship between the partner and other people in social institutions. During marriage wealth comes to play very often. Many want to be stable before they marry to have enough incase a divorce is mentioned in the relationship. People want to be prepared for the what if. They mention how marriage rates for black men is less due to lower earning and no secure employment.

Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973 to 2006: Mamadi Corra, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, Shannon K. Carter, J. Scott Carter: University of Central Florida, Orlando David Knox  East Carolina University, Greenville, NC

Marriages have changed over time. Due to differences in how each one of the partner puts effort to help with the housework, marital happiness will increase. Many husbands have reported to be happier in marriage than wives are. This is due to how they are more egalitarian. On the other hand women with egalitarian attitudes show lower levels of happiness and are more likely to end the marriage with a divorce.  Causing an increase of happiness in the marriage. With the increase in Black women employment and unemployment and underemployment in Black men, women have to work twice as hard. Women are brought up to be housewives, but many of them receive careers and are stuck with the second shift. This includes all the house work and child care, after they are home from work. Majority of these women claim to be unhappy due to the lack of help from their husbands. Also given they are handed the third shift as well, which includes disproportionate amount of housework and repairing emotional damage caused by decreases in family time. All the extra work that is done by women causes them to see the marriage as useless, when they do it all. Black women are more likely to leave a marriage. Research also shows, the less children a couple has the happier they are, the more children the less happier the married couple is.

Respondents were given the question whether "Taken things all together, how would you describe your marriage." During four decades they only included married individuals. This data also is based on whether or not respondents are divorced, have children under 18, spousal education, and family income. Religion was also used as a dummy variable, including service attendance to measure their religiosity.

Jessica Gutierrez

Corra, M., Carter, S. K., Carter, J. S., & Knox, D. (2009). Trends in marital happiness by gender and race, 1973 to 2006. Journal of Family Issues,30(10), 1379-1404.

The data was gathered from the general social survey. It was done on adults from the ages of 18 years and older living in noninstitutional settings in the United States. The dependent variable is "Taken things all together, how would you describe your marriage." The options to answer the question are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy. They conducted the study based off of the years of 1973-2006. They formulated a linear regression model. The independent variables were sex and race, work status of the respondent, whether the respondent is divorced or not, if there was a child living with them under the age of 18, respondents' and spousal employment status, age, education, income, and religiosity. They controlled for the respondents and spouses education and income. All of these factors contribute to families in the United States when dealing with their social and economic status. Under the multivariate analysis results, they discovered that white husbands have a higher level of marital happiness compared to black wives, who had the lowest level of marital status. White wives have a greater level of marital happiness compared to both black husbands and wives.

Qian, Z., & Lichter, D. T. (2007). Social boundaries and marital assimilation: Interpreting trends in racial and ethnic intermarriage. American Sociological Review, 72(1), 68-94.

The data for this study was gathered from the Integrated Public Use Microdata 5 percent of the samples are from the years 1990 and 2000 which are from the census. The use the races white, African Americans, American Indians, Asian Americans, and Hispanics. Hispanics are anyone who identifies themselves as being Hispanic, Spanish or Latino origin. The goal is to look at the recent trends in intermarriages within the United States. The sample is limited to the foreign-born people who migrated to the United States before the age of 20. Log-linear models were used in the study. Under figure 1 in the study, they discovered that intermarriage was lower among the whites but it was higher for American Indians. Intermarriage is higher for Hispanics compared to African Americans. They proved that it was four times greater for Hispanic women in comparison to African American women in the year 2000. White and Black immigrants have a high level of intermarriage. They concluded that changed made recently in racial classification, as well as for demographic shifts in immigration, cohabitation, and education, have a relationship with the changing patterns of intermarriage in the 1990's.

Josie Renfnorth Marital Racial quiz

Josephine Renforth

Soc 111

Words:  557

 

In the article "Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973 to 2006"  by Mamadi Corra East Carolina University, Greenville, NC Shannon K. Carter J. and Scott Carter, the marital satiations between the races was examined for trends  using the GSS from 1973 to 2006.    The GSS askes in it's surveys by GSS, "Sometimes as a general question."   It is also measured "Sometimes by capturing other aspects of their marital relationship, such as the amount of love and affection they receive, sexual relationship…"      Prior studies done in marital happiness by gender hypothesized women's, especially white women, becuae black women have historically always had to work, that white women's dissatisfaction was related to domesticity and boredom from being a housewife. However, the 1960s and  70's there was a dramatic increase of women entering the workforce, the research found increased dissatisfaction in marital happiness.. For women, egalitarian distribuptuion increases marital happiness, while some men, are less happy.  Additional literature in this study acknowledges the decrease in men's wages and the phenomenon of being unemployed and under employed, having to work two jobs, can affect an individuals marital happiness.

This study's research questions:

The results:  overall while males historically and presently report greater marital satisfaction.  The respondents also reported employment status and children under the age of eighteen to have less marital satisfaction.  The variable for age showed a trend or more marital happiness in the  18 – 24 and  25 plus ranges, with 36-64 reporing lowest marital happiness.  Race and gender, revealed that white males have been the most satisfied over the entire study.  Black men  and women's happiness "converged" as black women have beome happier in their marriages. White women  There was a change in marital happiness for black wives from 1990 to 200's.

 

In the article: "A PATH TOWARD INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE: Women's First Partners and Husbands across Racial Lines" Rosalind Berkowitz King  and  Jenifer L. Bratter study if the race of a women's first sexual partner is a predictor for the race of whom they entually marry.   Does a liberal upbringing led to marrying outside color lines?  In exploring frist sexual partner and first husband, researchers seek to answer the questions: "does a women's background influence her chose or race and ethnicity for first sexual partners and husbands?"  "Is there continunity in selfecting a first partner and a first husband?" and "Does this vary between ethnic and racial groups?"

Methods:  survey by the National Health of Family Growth from 1995 with 10,847.  Questions include if the first suxal experience was consensual, other detailed questions, including those about their husbancs.  The women were ages 15 to 44.  A major component to t study was the race and ethnicity of the wmen.

Findings:  The results found that Non-Hispanic Asiansnon-hispanic Asians  (NHA),non-hispanic whites   (HW) and (HAI)  women have higher odds of intimate interacial experiences compared to (NHW) this did not differ fornon-hispanic blacks  (NHB) , despite the sample size being much smaller then (NHW).   The results found that women wo cross color lineswith first intimate sexual relationships are more likely to marry interracially. Blacks face more color barriers with BW. Therefore there showed low racial intersection in intimate relationships. Meanwhile, Asians and Hispanics, who do not face the same racial separation from whites, do have a greter propensity of interacal sexual partern/marriage relations with whites.

Family Quiz

Angelica Ortega (580 words)

            In the first article I would be analyzing is "Pregnancy and Dropout: Effects of Family, Neighborhood, and High School Characteristics on Girls' Fertility and Dropout Status" which was written by Nathan Berg and Teresa D. Nelson. The article basically is saying that Hispanic women have a higher chance of getting pregnant in high school and end up dropping out. It wasn't really a surprising statistic but what made it so interesting was that back then they'd force teenager girls to drop out of school if they got pregnant. Of course, now through polices and all that it has changed so they encourage all girls to stay in school regardless if the get pregnant or not. 

            Measuring pregnancy you'd have gather data for years, and that's exactly a school in Texas did. They gather data for about 6 years, they had a cohort of girls and they'd measure all their test scores, attendance, how many did make it all the way to graduation, and if there were all drop outs. High school only lasts four years but some do take maybe one or 2 years after to complete high school, that is why the data runs up to 6 years total. In the end though what was discovered was the higher the age the higher the chances are of pregnancy. However with this being older girls did have an influence over the younger girls so there was an increase with their pregnancies too. It mostly depended on the neighborhoods, age, and ethnic family households that predicted the results in this experiment.

            Moving on to the next article that I wanted to analyze it was "The illegitimate and the illegal in the South African City: The effects of apartheid on births out of wedlock" written by Sandra Burman and Patricia Van der Spuy. It is pretty much about places in South Africa that had the most disadvantages and how they dealt with births out of wedlock. Now of course this study had to be record for a long time because of the history colored people had and so much had changed since the past 185 years. Their data however runs back up to about 45 years. This is what helped measure correctly since it was after marriage and other things became allowed to the people of color.

It was illegal to have children out of wedlock because of the apartheid era. It was legislation that strictly tried to reconstruct South Africa by using segregation. Colored people were made to live in rural areas. It was outlawed also to have sexual intercourse with those who were classified as "white". The whole point of it was to decrease the number of law broken since it was so common that people who weren't married was having lots of children. It wasn't so clear how they were going to go about making people wait until they got married to have children but there would be some form of consequence.

As both articles would say, depending on the time era and who specifically pregnancy rates would very much differ. In the first article the type of pregnancies that they were focusing on were teen pregnancies and the rates of being a high school dropout. The second article they target more women who had children out of wedlock, more specifically colored women. By the the era you could get the idea that these women were much older therefore, the rates were probably much lower.